For an in-depth history of the development of the thin ideal see:
Seid, R. Never Too Thin:Why Women are At War With Their Bodies (1989). New York: Prentice Hall Press.

Historical Evolution References
¹Brown, P. J. (l993). Cultural perspectives on the etiology and treatment of obesity. In A. J. Stunkard, & T. A. Wadden (Eds.), Obesity: Theory and therapy. New York: Raven Press.

²Hutchinson, M. G. (1994). Imagining ourselves whole: A feminist approach to treating body image disorders. In P. Fallon, M. Katzman, & S. Wooley (Eds.), Feminist perspectives in eating disorders (pp. 152-167). New York: Guilford Press.

³Harpers Bazaar. (l908, August). How to get plump, 757.

⁴Fraser, L. (1997). Losing it: America's obsession with weight and the industry that feeds on it. New York: Dutton.

⁵Nadelson, R. (1995, September). Marilyn Monroe: Was she really a size 16? In Style Magazine, 88-91.

⁶Schneider, K. S. (1996, June 3). Too fat? Too thin? How media images of celebrities teach kids to hate their bodies. People Magazine, 65-74.
Brownmiller, S. (l984). Femininity. Hew York: Fawcett Columbine.

⁷National Institute of Health (1992). Technology Assessment Conference. Methods for voluntary weight loss and control. Annals of Internal Medicine, 116, 942-949.

⁸Rosen, J. C., Tacy, B., & Howell, D. (1990). Life stress, psychological symptoms and weight reducing behavior in adolescent girls: A prospective analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9, 17-26.

⁹Mellin, L. M., Irwin, C. E., & Scully, S. (1992). Prevalence of disordered eating in girls: A survey of middle-class children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 92(7), 851-853.

¹⁰Johnson, C. (1995). Self-esteem comes in all sizes: How to be happy and healthy at your natural weight. New York: Doubleday.

Additional References
Bennett, W., & Gurin J. (1982). The dieter's dilemma: Eating less and weighing more. New York: Basic Books.

Connor-Greene, P. A. (1988). Gender differences in body weight perception and weight-loss strategies of college students. Women & Health, 14(2), 27-41.

Fontaine, K. L. (1991). The conspiracy of culture: Women's issues in body size. Nursing Clinics of North America, 26(3), 669-676.

Franzoi, S. L., & Shield, S. A. (1984). The body esteem scale: Multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 173-178.

Guillen, E. O., & Barr, S. I. (1994). Nutrition, dieting, and fitness messages in a magazine for adolescent women, 1970-1990. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15(6), 464-472.

Nemeroff, C. J., Stein, R. I., Diehl, N. S., & Smilack, K. M. (1994). From the Cleavers to the Clinton's: Role choices and body orientation as reflected in magazine article content. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(2), 167-176.

Rolls, B. J., Federoff, I. C., & Guthrie, J. F. (1991). Gender differences in eating behavior and body weight regulation. Health Psychology, 10(2), 133-142.

Rosen, J. C., Tacy, B., & Howell, D. (1990). Life stress, psychological symptoms and weight reducing behavior in adolescent girls: A prospective analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9, 17-26.

Rossi, L. R. (1988). Feminine beauty: The impact of culture and nutritional trends on emerging images. Holistic Nursing Practice, 3(1), 1-7.

Rothbloom, E. D. (1994). "I'll die for the revolution, but don't ask me not to diet": Feminism and the continuing stigmatization of obesity. In P. Fallon, M. Katzman, & S. Wooley (Eds.), Feminist perspectives in eating disorders. New York: Guilford Press.

Ryckman, R. M., Robbins, M. A., Kaczor, L. M., & Gold, J. A. (1989). Male and female raters' stereotyping of male and female physiques. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15(2), 244-251.

Segal-Isaacson, C. J. (1996). American attitudes toward body fatness. Nurse Practitioner, 21(3), 9-13.

Shaw, S. M., & Kemeny, L. (1989). Fitness promotion for adolescent girls: The impact and effectiveness of promotional material which emphasizes the slim ideal. Adolescence, XXIV(95), 677-687.

Silverstein, B., Perdue, L. & Peterson, B., et al (1986). The role of the mass media in promoting a thin standard of bodily attractiveness for women. Sex Roles, 14, 519-532.
 
 

© Fall 2001